Spring gardening is almost here! As we think of the various things we must do to prep our gardens, remember to prepare your body to lift, carry, reach, push, and pull. Having good strength and stability in the shoulders is essential to performing these activities properly. Weakness in the shoulders can lead to poor mechanics and compensations throughout the forearms and hands. Due to the repetitive nature of gardening tasks, this, in turn, can lead to overuse injuries such as shoulder impingement, golfer’s elbow, and tennis elbow. These are some of my favorite exercises to improve general shoulder stability. To ease into any exercise routine, start with lower resistance and higher repetitions, such as 2 sets of 10 repetitions. Once this becomes easy, gradually progress resistance. Serratus flexion Stand with a resistance band looped around your wrists, palms facing inward, and your elbows bent to 90 degrees. Gently push your hands into the band until they are about shoulder-width apart. Next, lift your hands overhead, keeping tension on the band. Finally, lower your arms back down. Repeat Standing Row Anchor a resistance band in front of you at chest height. Hold both ends of the resistance band. Pull your arms back against the resistance, bending at the elbows and squeezing your shoulder blades together. Slowly return to the start position. Repeat. Standing T's Holding a band, lift your arms straight before your body to shoulder height. Create tension on the band by pulling your hands apart and squeezing your shoulder blades together. Slowly return to the start position. Repeat. No Monies Stand with your arms at your side, holding a resistance band in both hands. Bend your elbows to 90 degrees with your palms up. Pull the band apart, keeping your elbows bent and tucked into your sides. Squeeze your shoulder blades together. Slowly return to the start position. Repeat. Please remember all bodies and capabilities are unique and individualized. It is always wise to consult a medical professional before starting an exercise program. These exercises are for general information and are not meant to substitute medical advice.
When snow blankets the ground, it can create a beautiful winter wonderland. It can also create a hardship for many with caring for snow-covered sidewalks and driveways. Snow shoveling is estimated to cause an average of 115,000 injuries a year. In a study that reviewed snow shovel-related injuries over a 17-year period, it was found that the most common cause for these injuries was due to over-exertion of the musculoskeletal system. Low back pain and strains accounted for 34% of the injuries (Watson et al, 2011). The following are some tips on shoveling mechanics to prevent low back pain.
1. Always start with a warm-up for your body prior to heading outside. A warm-up is important to gradually increase the heart rate which improves blood flow to the muscles. Priming the muscles to work decreases the risk of muscle strains. 2. While shoveling, try to minimize bending from the back. Keep your feet about hip-width apart with a bend at the knees. Position one hand towards the end of the shovel, and grip closer to the blade with your other hand. The shovel should stay close to your body. 3. When possible, push the shovel in a forward motion. Think about initiating the push from your hips. Take small steps while shoveling to prevent slipping. 20% of shoveling-related injuries are caused by falls (1). 4. To empty the shovel, turn your feet in the direction you plan to dump the snow, initiating the pivot from the back leg. This prevents twisting which is often an irritating motion to the lumbar spine. Generate power for this motion by bending your knees and driving with your hips. 5. Take frequent rest breaks and switch your leading hand to prevent over-exertion and over-use of the same muscles. If the snow is deep, shovel small layers at a time. For prolonged snowfalls, shovel intermittently throughout the day to prevent having to remove heavy loads of snow at one time. As with all exercise, stay hydrated during and after activity. 6. The type of shovel you use is also important for proper mechanics. Ergonomic shovels are designed to minimize stress on the body. Your size and strength will dictate the appropriate size to use. If you have a larger shovel, fill it only part of the way before dumping the snow to prevent repetitive heavy lifting. 7. If you need to apply a de-icer, do this when you have finished shoveling. Magnesium Chloride is considered the least toxic type of deicing salt for plants and animals. Deicers should be spread sparingly. While only salt/salt mixtures will melt ice, there are many natural alternatives to improve traction that are less harmful to the environment. Examples of these include bird seed and kitty litter (2). References: 1. Watons, D., Shields, B., & Smith, G. (2011). Snow shovel-related injuries and medical emergencies treated in US EDs, 1990-2006. The American journal of emergency medicine, 29 (1), 11-17. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20825768/ 2. Carroll County Environmental Advisory Council (2022, October 20). Guide to salt management for homeowners: deicing and water softeners. https://www.carrollcountymd.gov/media/17123/guide-to-salt-mgmt-for-homeowners-2022-2022-oct-20.pdf As you walk across Freetown Farm, you may have noticed small houses hanging on the trees and fences. These are called bee houses, but what are they, and why use them? To understand why bee houses are important for our community, you first need to know the differences between solitary and social bees.
Solitary bees dig holes in wood or soil instead of building hives. Bee houses provide homes for solitary bees, who use the houses instead of making their own tunnels. But why should you use bee houses, and why are they at the farm? Unfortunately, native solitary bee populations are on the decline, and could become endangered in the future. Bee houses help these bees find homes. Bee houses also reduce the damage to property as bees will use the houses instead of burrowing into wooden posts and decks. Solitary bees can help your gardens and farms, as they are more efficient pollinators than honeybees, helping you grow more crops, vibrant flowers, and create a healthy environment. If you want to build the same bee houses, this is the design used: The block of wood with the holes is 6 inches long, and each roof block is 7.25 inches long. Each tunnel is around 4 - 5 inches deep. Make sure that the block of wood with the holes is untreated, as bees are more likely to go into that type of wood. There are many ways to hang the bee houses, but the way used at the farm is with key-hole hangers at the back of the bee house.
Make sure to use a low VOC primer and paint on the roofs. VOC stands for volatile organic compound, and the more there is, the more chemical odor there is, which can repel bees. Avoid colors like red or black as bees could perceive these colors as a threat. Blue and purple are good colors to use. The best place to put bee houses is in spots that get sunlight and are near flowers. They should be at least 3-4 feet from the ground. The 35 bee houses at Freetown Farm were built and installed in June 2023 as part of an Eagle Project lead by Krishna Gawandi, a scout in troop 944. Troop 944 is located in Ellicott City, MD and meets at the Bethany United Methodist Church. Good luck making your own bee houses! Krishna Gawandi Did you set any New Year Goals or resolutions this year? It is estimated that 48% of New Year's goals set for 2024 are based on exercise and fitness (1). Exercise is one of the most important things we can do to maintain our health and quality of life as we age. It helps to improve bone health, cognition, memory, and mental health. Exercise can increase stamina and decrease the risk of falling. Furthermore, it can lower the risk of many diseases, such as high blood pressure and Type II Diabetes (2). Because of exercise's multisystemic benefits on our bodies, consider making your fitness a top priority in the new year.
The good news is that gardening and yard work count as exercise! Health standards and guidelines advise adults to participate in at least 150 minutes of moderate aerobic exercise or 75 minutes of vigorous exercise weekly (2). General gardening activities such as raking or pushing a mower are examples of this type of cardiovascular exercise. The speed you are working at, or the type of terrain, may factor into whether the activity is classified as moderate or vigorous. The CDC generally categorizes the following as moderate exercise: raking, pushing a power mower, bagging grass or leaves, light shoveling or digging (less than 10 lbs per minute), weeding, planting trees, or trimming shrubs and trees. Examples of activities that are classified as vigorous include heavy or rapid shoveling (more than 10 lbs per minute), digging ditches, felling trees, pushing a nonmotorized lawn mower, swinging an ax, or hand-splitting logs (3). In addition to aerobic exercise, it is also recommended to perform a strength training program twice a week (2). Strength programs should target all major muscle groups. Examples of activities in your yard that count as strength training include lifting bags of mulch, moving heavy pots, stacking or carrying pieces of wood, and hauling large branches (3). Time spent outside and in nature while working in your yard or community garden plot helps to decrease stress, increase vitamin D levels, and contribute to a non-sedentary lifestyle. To continue to enjoy your gardening activities, consider making a targeted strength program or exercise routine that addresses the numerous muscles required to lift, push, pull, and carry objects. Additionally, consider that your joints need the available range of motion required to do these tasks. It is important to have a good stretching program that will allow you to bend, reach, and stretch to get those difficult parts of your garden. As with initiating any exercise program, always gradually ease into a new routine and consult with your physician first. Best wishes that a healthy you contribute to sustaining a bountiful garden in 2024! To learn more about the suggested guidelines for exercise and examples of each, please visit The American Heart Association Website Sources: 1. Davis, Sarah. (2023, December 18). New Year's Resolution Statistics 2024. Forbes Health. https://www.forbes.com/health/mind/new-years-resolutions-statistics/ 2. American Heart Association. (2023, October 24). Recommendations for Physical Activity in Adults and Kids. American Heart Association. https://www.heart.org/en/healthy-living/fitness/fitness-basics/aha-recs-for-physical-activity-in-adults 3. CDC. (n.d.). General physical activities defined by levels of intensity. https://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/physical/pdf/pa_intensity_table_2_1.pdf Do you have solar powered yard lights that don’t work anymore? A Bluetooth speaker or an electric toothbrush that won’t hold a charge? Are you finally ready to part with that musical birthday card, even if it is from your favorite aunt?
What these all have in common is that they rely on batteries of some type. Sometimes they are obvious, and sometimes they are cleverly concealed. And it goes without saying that no battery can last forever. When it comes time to either rejuvenate the device or dispose of it, in all cases it is a good idea to remove the old battery and dispose of it responsibly, as indicated in this chart from the Howard County Bureau of Environmental Services. Note that only alkaline batteries should be disposed of in your household trash! Because all other batteries contain elements that can either be recycled or need to be disposed of as hazardous waste, they should be taken to a recycling center such as the Alpha Ridge Landfill, or one of several local retail establishments, including Home Depot, IKEA, Lowes, My Organic Market (MOMs), REI Columbia and Staples. And if you aren’t sure how to get to your battery, or what you need to replace it, that’s where your friendly neighborhood Repair Café can help! One other important tip: If you have a battery powered device that hasn’t been used in a while, especially with alkaline batteries, it is a good idea to remove the batteries. The damage caused by leaking batteries is one of the most common problems that we see in the Repair Café, and it can be one of the hardest to deal with. Thinking about cover cropping this fall? Prior to seed sowing, the area must first be prepped by clearing it of weeds. Proper mechanics for the repetitive motions of weeding can help to improve endurance, prevent overuse injuries, and decrease post-activity muscle soreness. Additionally, changing positions every 15-20 minutes and taking frequent rest breaks are also beneficial for these reasons. Remember to always warm up prior to doing yard work, particularly when it is cold outside.
If you have healthy knees, consider weeding in a quadruped position. While on all fours, engage your abdominal muscles by drawing your belly button towards your spine. One hand will remain on the ground stacked under your shoulder while you use the other arm to pull weeds. The multiple points of contact on the ground with your knees, feet, and hand provide good stability while the quadruped position keeps the spine in a straight position. Another technique is the tall kneel position, with one knee up and one knee down. This position also enables you to get close to the weeds without bending or reaching. Keep one leg forward with your foot flat on the ground and the other leg positioned so your knee is directly under your hip. Weed in the space near your front leg, maintaining a straight spine. If using either kneeling position, place a foam pad under your knees to protect your joints. If your knees cannot tolerate loading in the above positions, consider the use of a gardening bench. This enables you to stay low to the ground, close to where you are working. Keep your legs wide enough apart to enable the use of a hip hinging technique to prevent rounding of your lower back as you reach for the weeds. Position the bench in the direction you are pulling the weeds to prevent twisting of the spine. Minimize strain on the forearm musculature and wrists when pulling weeds by keeping your wrist in a neutral position. Rely on the shoulders for the pulling motion instead of bending the wrist upwards. The use of ergonomic tools with wide grips and good padding reduces compressive forces on the wrist and hand tendons. Likewise, properly fitting gardening gloves enable better control when handling tools and materials. This can also help prevent over-gripping which quickly fatigues the smaller hand muscles. Dear Farm Fam, This Fall Justin, our Farm Manager, and I have decided it was time to give cover cropping in our growing spaces an earnest effort. Since we are both new in our farming journeys this was the first time either of us had scaled up cover cropping practices beyond a small garden bed or two and so we are excited for what we learn this year. So what is cover cropping? Great question! Cover cropping is a practice to keep your soil health intact by using plants as a protective layer over your soils. There are many plants that growers choose to act as cover crops but they often share some common characteristics; quick to mature, ability to fix nitrogen into the soil, easy to terminate and fold into your soils, etc. Cool! But why should I cover crop? I’m glad you asked. There are many different reasons folks choose to use cover crops but chief among them is to retain soil and water. Bare soil that is exposed to the elements is more likely to get washed or blown away which negatively impacts both farmers and the environment. As a wonderful farmer once told me, soil and water are like a farmer’s bank account. Cover crops are an investment to increase your bank account and can:
By just getting started! We’ve all felt what it’s like to start a new endeavor without feeling like you have all the information and that can be scary. But as a farmer if you give into that fear you might let your window slip by and never get around to actually growing anything! Now this doesn’t mean that you should throw caution to the wind and start tossing seeds willy nilly; do your research, find a crop that fits your space, tools, and goals, BUT don’t let not being 100% certain stop you from trying something new. If you’re limited by space and machine power like we are at Freetown your best option will likely be crimson clover. It is a nitrogen fixing crop that will feed your soils with nutrients and is easy to terminate (aka mow down) when you are ready to grow again.
If you’re interested in learning more about our cover cropping endeavor at Freetown Farm make sure to stop by during one of our volunteer shifts to chat with Justin or myself and get an update on how things have progressed. Ever Growing, Simon In recognition of the acute nature of the racial injustices occurring in our country, CEI joins the call for a more equitable, inclusive, peaceful and just future that reaffirms dignity and ensures safety for everyone. The following resources facilitate listening, learning, communication, and effective action towards racial justice.
On Being Anti-RacistOn Teaching and Talking To Kids about Race
Further your knowledge with these articles and scholarly publications! Nature Connection, Sense of Place & and Pro-Environmental Behavior:
Civic Ecology
Climate Change
A Walkable Watershed integrates the flow of water and people into a cohesive strategy to improve the overall health of a community and the surrounding watershed. The concept is based on the idea that high-quality water goes hand-in-hand with a high quality of life, supporting access to the outdoors, enhanced community infrastructure and services, and stronger health outcomes. A Walkable Watershed process:
project informationCEI's Freetown Farm is located less than a mile from the Middle Patuxent River within the Chesapeake Bay Watershed. Currently stormwater from neighboring Atholton High School is directed onto the farm via a culvert and underground pipe and the previous farm owner piped this water to the edge of the property, resulting in flooding and erosion for residential neighbors. Stormwater runoff from the school also flows across the road and a bus yard and on to the farm causing flooding for the farm as well as surrounding properties. CEI and Atholton High School are in a unique position to support the health of the Middle Patuxent watershed through treatment of a significant volume of stormwater runoff as well as model how homeowners and commercial properties can address stormwater issues in a socio-ecologically beneficial manner. From 2019 to 2021 CEI implemented a series of three Chesapeake Bay Trust (CBT) grants called “Water F.O.R.C.E.” to address the stormwater from the high school that flows on to our farm. We completed an ecological master plan of the property and developed a plan to implement best management practices in the northwest field of the farm that will slow the stormwater down, spread it out, and allow it to soak into the ground. A second series of CBT grants through the Green Streets, Green Jobs, Green Towns is focused on mitigating the runoff from the high school by developing a green stormwater infrastructure (GSI) concept plan for the high school using a selection of integrated best management practices (BMPs). These projects will begin the “walkable watershed” by developing connected projects between the school and CEI’s farm property to provide students access to outdoor environmental education opportunities. Once implemented, these two connected projects will provide a highly visible demonstration of BMPs such as bioretention areas, infiltration trenches and dry wells, berms and swales, rain gardens, urban tree canopies, conservation landscapes, and rainwater harvesting. In addition to the demonstration value of the project, the installation of the BMPs will achieve reductions in nutrient and sediment loads in Middle Patuxent Watershed. The work at Freetown Farm and Atholton High School will be the beginning of a larger community Walkable Watershed initiative supported by the National Fish and Wildlife Foundation that will address stormwater management issues while simultaneously addressing community needs and neighborhood quality of life goals – such as improved neighborhood connectivity and better access to vibrant outdoor spaces – and integrating different assets within the community including CEI’s environmental learning center, Atholton High School, Robinson Nature Center, and the cultural heritage of Harriet Tubman’s Underground Railroad route. CEI is leading this initiative because we are connected and committed to the community and the different stakeholders associated with this work while also being nimble enough to take a leadership role in encouraging and pursuing innovations. The Freetown Walkable Watershed Initiative report is available here. Our partnersThe University of Maryland Extension and the Howard County Watershed Stewards Academy are key partners through all the phases of the walkable watershed initiative. CEI worked with Biohabitats to develop the design to address the stormwater flowing onto Freetown Farm. We are working with Skeo Solutions on the walkable watershed design plans for Atholton High and the surrounding Hickory Ridge community. They completed their first Walkable Watershed pilot in early 2012 in a community in Richmond, Virginia. They have since led Walkable Watershed projects benefiting communities with environmental justice concerns in more than seven locations across the country. We worked with Howard EcoWorks and Triangle Contracting on the BMP installation elements at Freetown Farm and are bringing this team back for the installation of BMPs at Atholton High School, new work which is being overseen by Coastal Resources Inc.
As seasonal CFIN members, your family will receive weekly invitations to join an Event Leader and other member families on planned nature outings. Enjoy community building with other families, exploration and free play in nature, and thoughtful activities planned by your leader; outings may include hiking, learning about seasonal changes, creative fun, land stewardship opportunities, and more. In addition, CFIN currently offers one FREE community event each season. In the spring of 2024 we will also be offering a series of FREE community gardening events as we improve and update the pollinator gardens we tend on Columbia Association Open Space property; be on the lookout for Event information in late winter 2024! Find Registration buttons for all upcoming events below. To keep up to date with upcoming registrations, follow us on Facebook and/or join our mailing list! Below, enjoy some photos from recent events and learn more about current and upcoming opportunities to join us! Current Registration informationCFIN celebrated its 10th Anniversary recently We spent an afternoon walking around Lake Kittamaqundi (the site of the very first CFIN Event in March of 2014!) sampling what we do best -- exploring, playing, serving, and being in community! Photos coming soon! Registration for our Spring Membership Season begins today! Read on for more information and the registration link. We wrapped up CFIN:Winter 2024 on March 17th. Member families enjoyed events at Freetown Farm, Middle Patuxent Environmental Area, our Adopt-a-Spot in Columbia, Jackson Pond, Lake Kittamaqundi, and one event at the Glenwood Branch Library! Participants upcycled containers from their recycling bins, explored native and non-native plants, removed some non-native plants with the Harper's Choice CARES group, learned about Columbia Association's new invasives mapping program, did lots of fun art and movements experiences in nature across events, and took some lovely walks! Read on if you have general questions about seasonal memberships, be sure to check out our FAQs at the very end of the page. Our Seasonal Memberships include 10 unique outdoor events for your entire family! Follow us on Facebook and/or join our mailing list to receive updates and reminders for registration (buttons above). Almost all of our outings take place on Sunday afternoons (2:00PM-4:00PM). Our pricing ($30 -$120 per family per season) is set up so that families can choose a membership level that best meets their budget and the number of outings they expect to be able to attend (while we are always excited to see in our attendance data that a family attended all 10 events in a season, it is normal for families to have conflicts on some Sundays -- sign up does not commit you to full time attendance!). A fully-sponsored membership is also available for families who need additional financial assistance; please contact us at cfin@cei.earth for details and guidance before registering. Read through our FAQs below for more information about memberships and feel free to contact us at cfin@cei.earth if you have questions! Following us on Facebook and joining our CFIN mailing list will ensure you receive the most up to date information on CFIN happenings (buttons for that are at the top of this page!). CFIN FAQsWith respect to COVID-19 and masking procedures, masks are welcome, but not required; participants are encouraged to make the masking decision that feels best for themselves and their family.
You're Invited to Come Outside and Play!Who: Children and their adults. What: Free-play, family hikes, educational experiences, volunteer activities. When you join us, prepare to have fun, make friends, and earn your bath! Where: We have excursions in natural areas in and around Howard County, Maryland. When: Four Sunday afternoons per month. See our Membership page for more details. Why: People who spend frequent time outdoors experience enhanced use of the senses, fewer attention difficulties and decreased rates of physical and emotional illness and obesity. Spending frequent time outdoors is also the best way to develop a connection to nature, which is essential for environmental stewardship. Having close relationships with important adults also gives children a sense of well-being and confidence that allows them to connect with the world around them. Learn more about of benefits of CFIN here! CFIN is committed to giving families the opportunity to connect with nature, each other, and their community.
OUR COMMITMENTJust as biodiversity strengthens natural systems, the diversity of human experience strengthens our efforts to create socially and ecologically healthy communities.
CEI is committed to honoring diversity, prioritizing inclusion, and working towards equity in all we do. We are dedicated to creating an environment free from any kind of discrimination including race, color, religion, age, sexual orientation, gender identity and expression, disability, national or ethnic origin, and veteran status. Our land was part of the Underground Railroad and is now within Columbia, Maryland—a place explicitly founded by James Rouse to be “a garden for growing people where anyone—whatever their race, wealth or religious beliefs—could reach their full potential.” We continuously work to make this vision a reality and to help other communities do the same. CEI joins the call for a more equitable, inclusive, peaceful, and just future that reaffirms dignity and ensures safety for all. As the new stewards of this historic, 6.4-acre farm on Harriet Tubman Lane in Howard County, Maryland, CEI reached out to those who helped us purchase and protect this land for their thoughts about what to rename it. CEI is committed to understanding and sharing the social and ecological history of this land. THE NAME OF THE FARM The property has been known as Shaw Farm for almost 40 years, named for its prior owner, Mr. David Shaw. We received close to 100 different name suggestions! To honor the important history of this land as well as the ways in which our urban farm will support the journey to a "carbon-free" future, we have, through an iterative process, chosen the name FREETOWN FARM. Our choice of the name Freetown Farm recognizes the important history of the land on which the Community Ecology Institute is putting down roots. We are working to develop programming that tells the story of this land and its historic community. INDIGENOUS LAND HISTORY To begin, we acknowledge that we are on the traditional land of the Piscataway Conoy Tribe as well as the Susquehannock, Algonquian, Lenape, Nanticoke, Powhatan, and Patuxent. In 1634, colonists came to the area via the Ark and Dove ships, and colonization of tribal lands was started by Leonard Calvert, Maryland’s first colonial governor. Conflict began to rise as the colonists continued to encroach on tribal lands, culminating in the first treaty in 1666 to establish the Piscataway reservation. This was followed by subsequent treaties, all of which would be broken in the coming years, resulting in the loss of native homelands. Records show that the plantations of this area used the labor of enslaved people as early as 1690, often for the growing and harvesting of tobacco. Once iron ore was discovered, slave labor was used in mining to support railroads. When asked what role enslaved people played in developing Howard County, Wylene Burch, the founding director of the Howard County Center of African American Culture explained:
After more than 150 years of slavery in Howard County, in 1845 local landowner Nicolas Worthington freed seventeen people he had enslaved and gave them 150 acres of land—an area that became known as Freetown. According to the 1860 Census, more than one in five Howard County residents was an enslaved person; another 10 percent were free black people—double the proportion of the rest of the state. Local historians believe that Freetown and the surrounding community of Simpsonville served as an important stopover point in the Underground Railroad. Ms. Burch noted research that showed the Underground Railroad thrived in the county because it was in “the tight place” as slaves moved north through Maryland via different waterways, such as the Middle Patuxent and Patapsco rivers.[ii] Our farm on Harriet Tubman Lane sits at the intersection of three locations on the Freetown-Simpsonville Legacy Trail known to have been part of the Underground Railroad:[iii]
The farm is located across the street from the Harriet Tubman School, a segregated high school for African American students established in 1948. Howard County Schools did not honor the 1954 Supreme Court Ruling mandating racial integration of schools until 1965. At that time, the Harriet Tubman School was closed after a new, integrated school, Atholton High School, was built next door. The Harriet Tubman School is now being renovated to become a historic, educational, and cultural center for the community. We are excited to pursue programming partnerships with the Harriet Tubman School once their facilities are complete. As that work continues, the Howard County Branch of the NAACP is stewarding a garden plot on the farm that will both help to tell the story of the African American history on this land and address local food justice issues. Freetown Farm is located in Columbia, Maryland—a unique, planned community founded in 1967 by James Rouse, whose commitment to racial integration and openness set an example for the nation. From its inception, Columbia championed integration—across race, class, and faith. The city’s iconic “People Tree” statue embodies this vision of our inter-connectedness. Rouse described Columbia as “a garden for growing people.”[iv] At Freetown Farm we aim to honor the rich legacies in our soil. SourcesPlease click the "Read More" button to view our sources.
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AuthorSThe Community Ecology Institute co-authors the material on this blog with the support of several team members. Categories
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